tinting, shading, and toning colours.
tinting.
Tinting a colour basically means adding white to the colour and creating a lighter value of it. This can be achieved by adding white paint or by diluting the paint to thin it to such an amount that the substrate (white canvas, paper, etc.) can lighten the colour, thus creating the desired tint.
shading.
Shading, on the other hand, is darkening the colour; adding black or a complimentary colour can create the darker value.
Complementary colours can also be used to shade a colour.
toning.
Tones are created by adding both black and white to the colour to create a toned version. Adding a little black and white to any colour will tone it down and make it softer-looking than in its pure form straight out of the tube.